Through organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), African Americans continued to work to regain their ability to exercise their civil and voting rights as citizens. Slaves in general did not lash out constantly against all the limits placed on them that would have brought intolerable punishment but they did not surrender totally to the system, either. [13], The United States outlawed the importation of enslaved people in 1808, but domestic trade flourished, especially in New Orleans during the antebellum decades. 2) THIS PATRIOT HAD TWO DAUGHTERS NAMED MARY, ONE BY EACH WIFE; Daniel French Slaughter (October 15, 1799 October 13, 1882) was Virginia planter and politician from two distinguished families of politicians and soldiers. This page has been viewed 87,667 times (5,509 via redirect). Samuel Edney 1 American slave owners or slaveholders were owners of slaves in the United States which typically worked either as agriculture laborers or house servants. [1] For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. Col. Joshua John Ward of Georgetown, South Carolina: [18] A small number of enslaved were imported illegally from the West Indies or Africa. Socially, slaveholders, at least the large planters, embodied an ideal to most Texans. Daina Ramey Berry is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. By Laura RiceJuly 17, 20191:49 pmArts & Culture, History, Race & Identity. States that had used it adopted other means to keep most African Americans from voting. Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 18211865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. There they were raised to be servants. Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Texas where they held enslaved persons. [54] The drop in proportion of population reflected greatly-increased European immigration to the state in the 19th century, as well as population growth. Ninety percent of the runaways were men, most between ages 20 and 40, because they were best equipped to deal with the long, difficult journey. As news of emancipation spread across the state, a few owners angrily told their slaves to leave immediately, but most asked the freedmen, as they soon became known, to stay and work for wages. The number likely would have been larger but for the attitude of the Mexican federal and state governments. Jubilee - The end of slavery in America! William Brittain 1 14. To find Freedmen's Bureau records: Visit the African American Freedmen's Bureau Records page to learn more about utilizing these records. I think thats what was interesting about his response, is that he didnt acknowledge that there was a history there, and that was brought out, and we know a lot more about his family history and about the enslaved people his family owned, Berry says. [44] Most field hands received two sets of clothing twice each year, with a hat and coat for winter. Phone: (214) 565-9026, African American Community Archives Program, Austin History Center, Austin Public Library, Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, Inc.Willie Lee Gay - H-Town Chapter11100 Braesridge, Suite 2202Houston, Texas 77071aahgshtown@yahoo.com, Houston Museum of African American Culture The African American Library at the Gregory SchoolHouston's first colored public school, located in historic Freedmen's Town, serves as a resource and repository to preserve, promote and celebrate the rich history and culture of African Americans in Houston, the surrounding region and the African Diaspora. In some cases, whites with the same name may be members of the former slave holding family. Cotton. Slavery formally ended in Texas after June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth), when Gen. Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston with occupying federal forces and announced emancipation. During the war, slavery in Texas was little affected, and prices for enslaved people remained high until the last few months of the war. 5.4 Church Records. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. Lambert Clayton 1 15. 7 rolls, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Libraries, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Clayton Library Center for Genealogical Research, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, Natchitoches Genealogical and Historical Association, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_American_Resources_for_Texas&oldid=5253354. The slaves themselves, however, also insisted on family ties. See also AGRICULTURE, AFRICAN AMERICANS, CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION, and SLAVE INSURRECTIONS. Others simply called their enslaved people indentured servants without legally changing their status. In 1850 the number was 2,852. [3] American Indians captured and enslaved the party, putting them to work as laborers. Freedmen Towns laws in Texas. As is apparent from the attached list of slave owners on this web site, many people in the county who owned slaves only had one or two. . On the other hand, western parts of Texas were still a frontier during the American Civil War. East Texas Research Center. Instead, the majority recognized all the controls such as slave patrols that existed to keep them in bondage and saw also that runaways and rebels generally paid heavy prices for overt resistance. AngloAmerican settlers were very alarmed, but within a year the State Congress of Coahuila and Texas, some of its Tejano leaders impressed by the pleas of Austin's colonists concerning the need for labor and others distracted by debates over different issues, passed a law that used the familiar practice of indentured servitude to permit the bringing in of slaves under a different name. Search for "FREEDMEN - TEXAS" in the Subjects search bar to find. Slavery spread over the eastern two-fifths of Texas by 1860 but flourished most vigorously along the rivers that provided rich soil and relatively inexpensive transportation. Through wills and census reports found during family research, I have discovered a couple sets of ancestors who owned slaves. [38] Unlike most southern states, Texas did not explicitly ban education of enslaved people, but most slaveholders did not allow the practice. Some hid in the bayous for a time, while others lived among the Indians, and a few managed to board ships bound for northern or foreign ports. Slavery was a complex institution that varied according to time and place. Early books sometimes contained the name of the former master or mistress and the name of the plantation. I think [the conversation] happens in a number of spaces, Berry says. [7], Importation of enslaved Africans was not widespread in Spanish Texas. 553 0 obj <>stream In 1829 the Guerrero decree conditionally abolished slavery throughout Mexican territories. LEVI JORDAN HISTORY Levi Jordan arrived in Texas in 1848. It replaced the pro-Union governor, Sam Houston, in the process. For example, it subjected them to punishments, such as working on road gangs if convicted of crimes, similar to those of enslaved rather than free men. 509 0 obj <> endobj 535 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<511162D97422004CA0FA8843222F25B6>]/Index[509 45]/Info 508 0 R/Length 121/Prev 271316/Root 510 0 R/Size 554/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Many former enslaved people fought with the Cherokee against the Texan army that drove the tribe from East Texas in 1838. WebUnited States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Name index and images of slave schedules listing slave owners and only age, gender and color data of the slaves in cesus states or Many slaves may have escaped such punishment, but every slave lived with the knowledge that he or she could be whipped at his owner's discretion. Although slave marriages and families had no legal protections, the majority of slaves were reared and lived day to day in a family setting. Copies of death certificates were sometimes attached to the entries. This page has been accessed 1,367 times. By 1865 there were an estimated 250,000enslaved people in Texas. After Jos Mara Jess Carvajal promised to return all escapees, more than 400Texans joined his revolt of 1851. The census for 1840 in Henderson County included 4,662 whites, 466 slaves, 35 free blacks. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. Slavery thus linked Texas inextricably with the Old South. [27] Other enslaved people joined the Texan forces, with some killed while fighting Mexican soldiers. [37] Urban enslaved people often had greater freedoms and opportunity. [33] Enslaved people were not held between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The governors feared the growth in the Anglo-American population in Texas, and for various reasons, by the early 19th century, they and their superiors in Mexico City disapproved of expanding slavery. Schedule No. There were a few slaves in Texas while it was a Spanish province, but slavery did not really become an institution of significance in the region until the arrival of AngloAmerican settlers. Arthur Blake of Charleston, South Carolina: 538 slaves. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Democratic presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke holds a rally at Scholz Garten in Austin. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and 414 mulattos in Spanish Texas, some of whom were free men and women. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. This did not mean that the majority of slaves were content with their status. To circumvent the law, numerous Anglo-American colonists converted their enslaved people to indentured servants, but with life terms. 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. ILester G. BugbeePolitical Science QuarterlyVol. To Anglo-American slave owners slavery was a practical necessity in Texas the only way to grow cotton profitably on its vast areas of fertile land. The use of slavery expanded in the mid-nineteenth century as White American settlers, primarily from the Southeastern United States, crossed the Sabine River and brought enslaved people with them. John Robinson of Madison, Mississippi: 550 slaves. This is a mid-level category and should not have individual profiles added to it. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. A relatively few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. MP for Horsham in 1808 and Sandwich (18121824). [50], Slavery was officially abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment which took effect on December 18, 1865. Residents of Texas, 1782-1836. Legally slaves were categorized as chattel (moveable property), but they were men, women and children who clearly despised their condition of servitude. William Fletcher 4 6. Mrs. Mary C. Stirling/Sterling, Pointe Coupee (2), Louisiana: 338 slaves. Field hands generally labored "from sun to sun" five days a week and half a day on Saturday. D. F. Kenner, Ascension, Louisiana: 473 slaves. [51], The long-term effects of slavery can be seen to this day in the state's demographics. Mention is made of Henry being a judge.The following is from Rootsweb: hb```f`` a B,@Q 2;8V31o``89N[5Qly$%Np s6,?d4/(qMT%GY &@J@LF!b.n;30g@, g`fgdE:%D,,,?Tgnvcz.8USc`~XL8;0hT]"t AMJ- See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. Slaves increased their minimal self-determination by taking what they could get from their owners and then pressing for additional latitude. The progress of the Civil War did not drastically affect slavery in Texas because no major slaveholding area was invaded. The low wages the enslaved person would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no enslaved person would receive wages until age eighteen. Slave owners and male Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. [52] By the late 19th century, Texas passed other Jim Crow laws. The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. In other words, it was an underlying cause of the struggle in 18351836. Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1) B. Bandera [42] Two years later, Colorado County hanged several enslaved people and drove one white man and several Mexicans from the area after uncovering a plot to equip 200enslaved people with pistols and knives to escape into Mexico. Slave prices inflated rapidly as the institution expanded in Texas. Texas was a colonial territory, then part of Mexico, later Republic in 1836, and U.S. state in 1845. Moreover, once the revolution came, slavery was very much on the minds of those involved. [58][failed verification]. Donald S. Strong, "The Rise of Negro Voting in Texas," American Political Science Review Vol. Over 30 of the fugitives made it safely to freedom in Mexico. The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. Jerrett Brown of Sumter, Alabama: 540 slaves. Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. For the time being, we are using this as the Slavery Plantation umbrella or portal. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) [24], Exportation in the slave-owning areas of the state surpassed that of the non-slave-owning areas. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Slavery was thus a constant source of tension in the lives of slaveholders. A list of resources for African American research of ancestors who lived in Texas. After the Texas Revolution ended in 1836, the Constitution of the Republic of Texas made slavery legal. [9] When some French and Spanish slaveholders moved to Texas, they were allowed to retain their enslaved people. You can also look up Charleston Manifests by Slave Owner [table striped="true" [25] The department of Texas, which included the eastern settlements, expected to export 2,000 bales of cotton and 5,000 head of cattle. Slavery in Waco. In 1860, mass hysteria ensued after a series of fires erupted throughout the state. In 1829, President Vicente Guerrero issued a decree abolishing slavery in all of Mexico, but within months he exempted Texas from that order. In 1860, the Methodists claimed 7,541enslaved people among their members in Texas. WebAfrican American Resources for Texas. [12] His nephew, governor of Texas Manuel Mara de Salcedo, interpreted the order as allowing slaveholders from the United States to enter Texas to reclaim runaways. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Galveston and Houston, too. Slave labor produced cotton (and sugar on the lower Brazos River) for profit and also cultivated the foodstuffs necessary for self-sufficiency. Every penny counts! Box 12446 In 1876 Texas adopted a new constitution requiring segregated schools and imposing a poll tax, which decreased the number of poor voters both black and white. In cases where African Americans registered, their race is specified as "colored." Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. 2 Online Resources. WebTexas's enslaved population grew rapidly: while there were 30,000 enslaved people in Texas in 1845, the census lists 58,161 enslaved African Americans in 1850. [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules. In 1860 there were 3,017 slaves in Marion county 1,406 males, 1,611 females. Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). J. C. Jenkins of Wilkinson, Mississippi: 523 slaves. Length of residence (in state, in county, in precinct), General Remarks--race is noted when the registrant was "colored". The central part of the state was dominated by subsistence farmers. An excellent source is the Freedmans Savings and Trust Company (visit the African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records page to learn more). In 1751, after three Frenchmen were found to have settled along the Trinity River to trade with the American Indians, the Spanish arrested and expelled them from the colony. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/slavery. Medical care in antebellum Texas was woefully inadequate for Whites and Blacks alike, but slaves had a harder daily life and were therefore more likely to be injured or develop diseases that doctors could not treat (see HEALTH AND MEDICINE). Angelina County, Texas, Slave Owners. When searching, pay close attention to other individuals with the same surname. Nevertheless, slavery was a curse to Texans, Black and White alike, until 1865 and beyond. [28], The Section 9 of the General Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, ratified in 1836, made slavery legal again in Texas and defined the status of the enslaved and people of color in the Republic of Texas. The Comanche indiscriminately killed enslaved people and their white owners during raids. Slavery was present in Spanish America and Mexico prior to the arrival of American settlers, but it was not highly developed, and the Spanish did not rely on it for labor during their years in Spanish Texas. WebOne in four families owned slaves. [49] Throughout the summer, many East Texas newspapers continued to recommend that slaveholders oppose ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, in the hopes that emancipation could be gradually implemented. [17] Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. At first, the practice involved primarily Apaches; eventually Comanche children were likewise "adopted" as servants. Both the Baptist and Methodist churches appointed missionaries to the enslaved people and allowed active participation by them. Yet, they did not live every day in helpless rage. The Gregory School Historical collections at The Gregory School include: Access to Houston Public Library databases and indexes Books Pamphlets Periodicals Photographs Oral history recordings Manuscripts Newspapers and clippings Personal family archives and Ephemera documenting Houstons African American History and culture. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. University of Texas (San Antonio). As a free lady, she was an astute entrepreneur as well as a social climber. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Most slaves in Texas worked: On plantations and farms. Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. Some slaveowners did not free their enslaved people until late in 1865. Slavery, While settled chiefly by Anglo-Southerners after the war; with the history of ranching, some of these parts have been more associated with the Southwest than the South. And when they declared independence and wrote a constitution for their new republic, they made every effort, in the words of a later Texas Supreme Court justice, to "remove all doubt and uneasiness among the citizens of Texas in regard to the tenure by which they held dominion over their slaves." When Bradburn arrested Travis on suspicion of plotting an insurrection, settlers rebelled. Favorable conditions for free blacks continued into the 1830s. Many of the fires had coincided with a summer drought, and new matches were susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Voter's registrations are among the few records which document African American males prior to 1870. The following information is included: The records are categorized by county. (re: Insurrection Scare in East Texas) "Smith County and Its Neighgors During the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860," by Donald Eugene Reynolds, PhD (born 1931), Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, outlawed the importation of enslaved people, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth, History of African Americans in San Antonio, "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States", "U.S. appeals court allows Texas to implement voter ID law", "Updated: Texas voter ID law allows gun licenses, not Student ID's", "Someone did not do their due diligence: How an attempt to review Texas' voter rolls turned into a debacle", Texas Terror: the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South, San Antonio de Bexar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier, Lester G. Bugbee, "Slavery in early Texas", Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Texas&oldid=1132265581, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with failed verification from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. WebThe U.S. census tracked the growth that followed, reporting 207 enslaved people in 1850 who made up 8% of the countys population and 1,074 enslaved people owned by 228 Slavery certainly promoted development of the agricultural economy; it provided the labor for a 600 percent increase in cotton production during the 1850s. Some enslaved people became ministers, but their masters often tried to instruct them in what they were supposed to preach. [3] Five years later, in September 1534, they escaped to the interior. WebLists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781-----Edward, 660 Michael, 735 Adam, Andrew George, 425, 498, 533, 621 Guy, 498 Jack, 729 Lucy, 729 Peter, 533 Sam, 621 Samuel Allen 1 12. Marr. John Butler of McIntosh, Georgia: 505 slaves. P Denwood was a Quaker and in early days often was in trouble with the court as he was suspected of harboring Quakers on their way up to Maryland. 4 History. Sugar and cotton plantations. [11] In 1809, the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, Nemesio Salcedo, ordered the Texas-Louisiana border to be closed to everyone, regardless of ethnic background. In general, Texas slaves continued to work and live as they had before the war. WebCategory: Texas, Slave Owners. WebJoseph Marryat (17571824), owned slaves in Grenada, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and Jamaica. Although Estevanico was still enslaved, after these events the Spaniards treated him more as an equal. The supposed "poison" found in enslaved quarters was baby powder. Categories: Texas, Slavery | United States of America, Slave Owners. Samuel Murray 3 9. The news organization used documents from, to confirm the connection. DAR# A105070 1. Austin: Encino Press, 1974. %%EOF In 1836 Texas had approximately 5,000 enslaved persons in a total population estimated at 38,470. They had no legally prescribed way to gain freedom. Although Mexican governments did not adopt any consistent or effective policy to prevent slavery in Texas, their threats worried slaveholders and possibly retarded the immigration of planters from the Old South. hbbd```b``N+$,>D2E6H0Y N `sA$C8t?"A"j`&`sJ'zziHg` ` -q [10], In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of people, and required that the children of the enslaved be freed when they reached age fourteen. But how would they make their way in the world after 1865? Most slaves, however, were neither loyal servants nor rebels. Most Whites thought that Blacks were inferior and wanted to be sure that they remained in an inferior social position. Thus, slavery was not the immediate cause of the revolution, but the institution was always there as an issue, and the revolution made it more secure than ever in Texas. Rarely, an enslaved person also broke horses, but generally only white men were used for that dangerous task. The 1867 Voter Registration includes names of voters who registered in the period between 1867 and 1869. Currently, there are only plantations listed for Chicot County, Jefferson County, Ouachita County, and Phillips County. African Americans immediately started raising legal challenges to disfranchisement, but early Supreme Court cases, such as Giles v. Harris (1903), upheld the states. The civil rights movement led to the U.S. Congress and President Lyndon Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protected the rights of all citizens to integrated public facilities and enforcement of voting rights. One way or another they had to endure. FS Library 976.4 D3sl, Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda. 42 (June, 1948): 510, 511-12. He and his wife Mary moved there themselves and he died Update 12/7/2016(CLM): I have found various references of military rank from Captain to Brigadier General. The issue of slavery became a source of contention between the Anglo-American settlers and Spanish governors. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. The original empresario commission given Moses Austin by Spanish authorities in 1821 did not mention slaves, but when Stephen F. Austin was recognized as heir to his father's contract later that year, it was agreed that settlers could receive eighty acres of land for each enslaved person they brought to the colony. People of color who had been servants for life under Mexican law would become property. Section 107 related to Copyright and Fair Use for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. Dallas, TX Andrew Lyda 3 8. WebTexas Slave Codes 1821. Religion and music were also key elements of slave culture. Questions concerning its profitability are complex and always open to debate. This was 15 percent of the total 2,992 people living in Spanish Texas. Alwyn Barr. Sugar. Elijah Williamson 3 10. The first non-Native slave in Texas was Estevanico, a Moor from North Africa who had been captured and enslaved by the Spanish when he was a child. 4807 Caroline [46], Unlike in other Southern states, only a small number of enslaved Texans, estimated at 47, joined the Union Army. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number.