Lawrence Tierney's performance as Alton Benes was praised by the cast and crew. NBC. There's no reason given for why the show didn't go this route with Alton. Phil Totola. George winds up needing to use a cane afterhe attempts to shave with butter and sprains a leg in the Season 9 premiere, "The Butter Shave." Jerry makes a mistake and gets Elaine's assistant angry. Jerry revealed in the episode, "The Pilot", that Elaine's favorite film is Shaft. Tierneys actions caused the cast and crew to be so frightened that Tierney was never asked back onto the show. In the episode she describes herself as a "walking candy apple" after a bird runs into her "giant, freak head.". The Rabbi proceeds to tell everybody in Elaine's apartment complex and later on his cable TV show about her insecurity. In "The Stall", her boyfriend Tony, dubbed a male bimbo or "mimbo" by Jerry, becomes George's new idol. He takes. The parents and family members of several of the main characters are a frequent part of the show, including the late great Jerry Stiller who played Georges father Frank Costanza. In "The Understudy", after she thinks her Korean manicurists are making fun of her, she angers them by bringing in Frank Costanza, who is fluent in Korean, to eavesdrop on them. It is revealed that over the course of their friendship, Elaine has convinced Noreen to join the Army, then go AWOL, dump her "high-talker" boyfriend and then her "long-talker" boyfriend. With her mop of curly hair, sometimes blue uniform, and kindly demeanor, Ruthie is one of the few Seinfeld characters who does no harm to others. While Frost's turn as Doc Hayward in Twin Peaks overshadowed his five episodes of Seinfeld, fans of the show continue to remember details about him fondlyespecially a passing reference to hisaffair with author John Cheever, which made him one of the first bisexual television characters in history. He simply played Frank too subtly. Seinfeld portrayed a semi-fictionalized version of his life as a stand-up comedian on the sitcom. Starting in "The Foundation", she takes charge of the catalog when Peterman suffers a nervous breakdown and flees to Burma. The implication is Bruns was too laid back for what the co-creators envisioned, so they took things in a different direction. 34. His career as an author may have been . He was married and has two daughters,Gail and Elaine. Elaine's Dad Only Appeared Once Because The Actor Was Scary Miramax. The episode was written by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld and was directed by Tom Cherones. "Walter, you did great work," he said. However, their theory is ruined when Elaine is furious over Jerry giving her $182 as a birthday gift. After attending kidney dialysis treatments three days a week for several months, Cutell died at age 91. May 12, 2020 - 7:36AM. Martin brought a cantankerous edge to Morty, a stark contrast from Bruns' interpretation in "The Stake Out." At the same time, some of Frank's best storylines included the running "serenity now"gag, and the rye bread incident. Other references are made to Elaines father throughout the show, including the information that he is an author of the book Fair Game, and is known as an intimidating figure. Alton is also a successful author, and wrote the book titled Fair Game. Once season 5 rolled around, the series creators decided they wanted to rewrite Frank Costanzainto a much more involved character, as he was too passive in the series up until this point. She tries to find a song that they can share and comes up with "Witchy Woman", but it does not work. In one shot when Jerry, George, Alton, and Elaine are leaving the lobby, George goes from wearing to not wearing his glasses. Elaine's first appearance, played by Julia Louis-Dreyfus, was in the second episode of the series "The Stake Out" which first aired on March 31. The veteran character actor was 82. Frank was played by Hollywood royalty Jerry Stiller (father of Ben Stiller), who brought his signature eccentricity to the role with all the gusto he could muster. and for her leading role in a comedy for "Archie Bunker's Place." Initially, Estelle Costanza was meant to be the more overbearing character but that wasn't enough to justifywhy George turned out the way he did. While visiting a small town in Massachusetts, Jerry, George, Kramer, and Elaine witness Howie getting carjacked. In "The Postponement" and "The Fatigues", Elaine states that she is not Jewish. George Costanza, a lazy, obnoxious, and cantankerous ne'er-do-well, finds himself in a succession of great jobs throughout "Seinfeld," all of which he inevitably messes up and loses. When I leave the house in this, it's with a whole different confidence. It also left an indelible mark on television comedy in the wake of its controversial finale in May of 1998. Morty refuses to let Jerry pay for a meal . Jerry and Elaine dated for a while before the show started. Tierney was set to join the various parents on the show as a series regular, but the actor who played him exhibited such wild behavior that Dreyfus later labeled him as a nut job., The Seinfeld Decision That Cost Jerry Seinfeld $110 Million. Both clips appear in "The Clip Show, Pt. 26. Elaine Benes - Wikipedia George looks in admiration at the jacket]. The actor Lawrence Tierney, who played the father of Elaine's father, Alton Benes, was originally going to have a permanent role in the show. Sony Pictures Television. Elaine's so puzzled by a New Yorker cartoon in a 1998 episode of Seinfeld that she stages a meeting with the cartoonist . A bit later, Jerry and George go back to the apartment and a delivery guy brings some partially burned letters. Uncle Leo also lives in Manhattan, which gives him 14 wild episodes' worth of opportunities to run into Jerry and his friends. John Randolph was by no means a bad actor. Making several appearances acrossSeinfeld's nine-season run, the parentsbrought a hilarious dynamic to the show, most notably by providing amusing commentary on Florida's senior citizen communities, and Frank's famous Festivus holiday. He mirrors George's lackadaisical manner in so many ways. She dumps him because of his reluctance to use exclamation points. In "The Postponement", Elaine confides in a rabbi that she is jealous of George's engagement to Susan Ross because George would be getting married before her and she considers George a loser. Elaine tells Jerry that her father had a good time, even though he usually hates everyone. In "The Stakeout", Jerry tells his parents that the reason for the break-up had to do with fighting too much and "physical chemistry". Incidentally, his other son Clint Howard played the smog strangler when Jerry and George went to LA in search of Kramer. Patrick Warburton has arguably one . Seinfeld could have recast Alton. Cookies help us deliver our Services. The Jacket: Directed by Tom Cherones. Here's some Seinfeld trivia for ya: Fans of a certain age may not remember, but Jerry Stiller wasn't always the Festivus-creating patriarch of the Costanza family. 1990. Her dislike of smoking also leads to an argument with a fortune-teller in "The Suicide". Played by another comedy and Broadway legend,Sandy Baron, for six episodes, Jack Klompus' general suspicion of the entire Seinfeld family goes to some pretty dark depths, culminating in Klompus accusing Morty of stealing. In the series, Elaine's father is a noted author, Alton Benes. By the end of this absurdity, all three Izzys are incapacitated, but still trying to provoke fights with anyone who speaks to them. Played by Billye Ree Wallacefor three episodes, Jerry's Nana is minding her own business when Jerry suddenly decides to cash all the $10 checks she'd been sending him for his birthday for many, many years. In "The Doodle" it is stated by George that Elaine takes a drawing class at The New School with his girlfriend Paula. It is not revealed if Mema is her maternal or paternal grandmother. There isn't anyone on "Seinfeld" who loved, adored, and cherished the hard-to-love Jerry Seinfeld more than his mother, Helen Seinfeld. By using our Services, you agree to our use of cookies. THEN AND NOW: The cast of 'Seinfeld' 33 years later. Frank first shows up in the Season 4 episode, "The Handicap Spot." While these characters had multiple appearances over the shows nine seasons, one character did not have a sustained run due to the actions of the actor who played him. This plan was scrapped after Tierney stole a knife from the set of Jerrys kitchen, which the real Seinfeld called him out for doing. [2] The episode was filmed at CBS Studio Center in Studio City, Los Angeles, California, where, starting with the season two premiere "The Ex-Girlfriend", all filming for the second season took place. Elaine Marie Benes (/bns/) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Seinfeld, played by Julia Louis-Dreyfus. Most of Jerry's many failed dates and relationships had nothing to do with the woman in question. [2][4] Additional dialogue at the store where Jerry buys his jacket was cut before broadcast; it featured a reference to Gary Gilmore. While visiting Izzy's sickbed, Jerry runs into Izzy Jr., who throws his back out trying to goad Jerry into lifting a hospital television that's bolted to a table. She returns later to accept his proposal, but Jerry has by that time settled to his usual stable emotional state and says "I don't see it happening." Elaine later explained in court that she was going to say "I've always loved United Airlines. Elaine later becomes a personal assistant to the eccentric, demanding Justin Pitt, starting in "The Chaperone", but later is fired when Mr. Pitt thinks she and Jerry are conspiring to kill him in "The Diplomat's Club". And she quits. Elaine first appears in "The Stake Out," but in production order she appears in a final scene eating M&Ms in "Male Unbonding." In the 2000s, Gideon moved to Asheville, North Carolina, to pursue writing and a career in real estate, according to the Citizen Times. He wanted to do the same thing with Morty, and reshoot the scene from "The Stake Out," but by the time he came up with the idea, the actors had aged so much it wouldn't have been realistic. Her most memorable episode might be the one where George accuses her of stealing a $20 bill he still had in his own wallet. Both songs are by the Eagles. ("The Opposite"). Here's who brought that unforgettable character to life on "Seinfeld.". '"[12] DVD reviewer Jonathan Boudreaux considered "The Jacket" one of season two's best episodes, along with "The Chinese Restaurant". NBC executives felt the show was too male-centric, and demanded that Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David add a woman to the cast as a condition for commissioning the show, as revealed in the commentary on the Season 1 and 2 DVD. The installment includes one of the most famous scenes ever on "Seinfeld." A courtroom circus develops, and it's all presided over by Mr. Hoyt, the crusading local District Attorney who swears to do whatever it takes to get Jerry and his friends prosecuted, which mainly involves bringing in character witnesses numerous people done wrong by the four defendants across the run of "Seinfeld.". As happy as this tiny thing makes Jerry, it deeply upsets Valerie's stepmother, identified only as Mrs. Hamilton, so much so that he confronts Jerry in his car and tells him to back off of Valerie, or at least her phone. Elaine has a particular affection for A Streetcar Named Desire. Answer (1 of 3): The character of Elaine Benes did not appear in the pilot episode of Seinfeld. Oy vey. The parents of each of the main four "Seinfeld" characters loom large over their lives as they're largely responsible for making the anti-heroes into the amusingly selfish, loathsome, nit-picking, stunted adults they'd become. Hilarity ensued in the season two episode, The Jacket, in which Jerry and George meet . As for the guy they've hired, he's not the best mohel. In the episode, Alton meets George, who he compares to a choir boy, and Jerry, who reminds Alton of his former Army buddy in Korea. Dr. Howard Cooperman made a single but memorable appearance in the Season 6 episode, "The Fusilli Jerry." A reddit all about Jerry, George, Elaine and Kramer. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place. TheSeinfeld crew intended to have another recurring parent on the show: Alton Benes, father of Elaine. That said, Julia is a successful, wealthy actress in her own right. The Silent Epidemic Affecting Generation . The guy who takes it out is not getting higher than last place on this list. Chris has attended several events for Screen Rant, including San Diego Comic-Con and Star Wars Celebration. Jerry's relationship with Uncle Leoa man so pushy that he resorts to grabbing people's arms while he's speaking so that they won't walk awaycomes to literally explosive moments, like when one of Jerry's packages accidentally ends up at Leo's and blows up. Here's why Elaine Benes' father only appeared on oneSeinfeld episode. When confronted, he pretended to stab seinfeld with the knife and was not asked to return. By using our Services, you agree to our use of cookies. In "The Cigar Store Indian", Elaine angers Frank Costanza by taking his TV Guide without asking and then spilling her gyro on it. She was great at embarrassing her son, as was the case in her very first appearance in the 1992 episode "The Contest.". Why Seinfeld Killed Off Susan In Season 7. They started dating in 1986 (as revealed in "The Truth") and dated until 1990. Helen and Morty Seinfeld also had a strong disdain for George's parents. Shows don't often recast recurring roles, due to flack from many. TIL the character who played Elaine's father on Seinfeld, Alton Benis, was meant to have a recurring role, but the staff became scared of the actor after he stole a butcher's knife from the set. The show about nothing was created by Seinfeld andCurb Your Enthusiasm star Larry David and is loosely based on Seinfelds life. In "The Masseuse", she dates a man named Joel Rifkin, who shares the same name as a notorious serial killer. r/seinfeld Elaine's 90's workout wear was a vibe!!! "He was a good man who pushed his love for creativity and the arts into everything he did," his son, screenwriter Zak Olkewicz, said in a statement (via Deadline). With Jerry Seinfeld, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Michael Richards, Jason Alexander. Tail gunner guy. Take, for example, the time Jerry bought Morty a Cadillac after a career boost. Elaine, played by the now most-awarded actress in TV history, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, would never think of taking dance class. She views saying "God bless you" as a "silly superstition" in "The Good Samaritan". In "The Pen", Elaine shows her love for the movie when she becomes unintentionally high on muscle relaxers and repeatedly screams "Stella" at a fancy awards dinner for Morty Seinfeld in Florida. Erwin was primarily a stage actor, a veteran of several decades of the Los Angeles-area theater scene, according to CBS News. Elaine's abortion argument with restaurateur Poppie gets him so angry that he loses control of his bladder in "The Couch" and again in "The Doorman". With his deadpan expression and comedic timing, von Bargen's Kruger absolutely steals the scenea remarkable feat among so many other talented actors. From cutting his Snickers bars with utensils and needing a specific kind of white sock that must be ironed before wearing to picking the salt kernels from even the smallest pretzels, Mr. Pitt is one of Elaine's biggest complaints in more than the seven episodes in which he appears. 294K subscribers in the seinfeld community. Wendel might have been better known for her turn as Mrs. Dubcek on Third Rock From the Sun, but Seinfeld fans will still be saddened to hear of her passing in July 2018 of undisclosed causes. He also has an unusual quirk of believing everyone is gay. On their way out, they notice it is snowing. . Unfortunately, Nana discovers the bank isn't there anymore and the neighborhood is scarily run-down. Entertaining audiences with his self-deprecating routines poking fun at himself and his weight, he appeared on all the major TV stand-up showcases, like "An Evening at the Improv," "Make Me Laugh," and "Dr. Katz: Professional Therapist," while also costarring as a gym teacher in "Parker Lewis Can't Lewis" and playing Bumpo in the 2004 comic book movie "The Punisher."'. Both Jerry's dad, Morty, and George's dad, Frank, were recast in Seinfeld with Barney Martin and Jerry Stiller, respectively. He also doesn't seem to respect Elaine's work, as he forgets that she is working at Pendant Publishing despite her telling him multiple times. However, Morty is played by Phil Bruns, rather than Barney Martin. \"How could she leave us alone with this lunatic?\"Season 2 Episode 5 'The Jacket': Jerry wears an expensive jacket when he meets Elaine's father, but an argument ensues when Jerry is reluctant to wear it outside during a snowfall.Find your local listing | http://www.seinfeld.com/Watch all 180 episodes of Seinfeld any time, only on Netflix | https://www.netflix.com/title/70153373Watch weekdays at 4pm/3c on Comedy Central | https://www.cc.comSubscribe to the Seinfeld channel: https://bit.ly/OfficialSeinfeldFollow Us on Social:Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/seinfeld/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/seinfeldtv/Twitter: https://twitter.com/seinfeldtv?lang=enTikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@officialseinfeldtvAbout Seinfeld: Seinfeld stars Jerry Seinfeld as a stand-up comedian whose life in New York City is made even more chaotic by his quirky group of friends who join him in wrestling with life's most perplexing, yet often trivial questions. George Costanza: Master of the house, keeper of the inn [Jerry proudly models his new jacket in front of George. His wacky entrances into Seinfeld's apartment have an entire category of their own in Seinfeld's behind-the-scenes commentary,Notes About Nothing. )George's mother Estelle is named after her actress. Jerry and Elaine are asked by some friends to be the godparents of their new baby, and, in accordance with that, must help arrange hiring a mohel, the Jewish holy figure who performs the sacred rite of circumcision, or bris. "Seinfeld: The Actresses Who Almost Played Elaine Benes", "Rosie O'Donnell was almost cast as Elaine on Seinfeld but was told to get out", Sweeney, Alexis. Stiller, who played Frank . As Alton drives home, he finds himself singing "Master of the House". It was all because of a comically fraught relationship with his overbearing, overprotective, judgmental, and often shrieking mother, Estelle Constanza, or "MA!" Via IDB. Peterman is the eccentric but fun owner of the J. Peterman Catalog sales company and is also Elaine Benes' boss during her employment there. While Abercrombie was best known as Mr. Pitt, he had a long acting career that began with stage work in the U.K. and ended in Hollywood many decades later. [6] She attended finishing school and completed her undergraduate education at Tufts University, revealed to be her safety school in "The Puerto Rican Day", as a French literature major. . Played by prolific character actor Len Lesser, who appeared in more than 500 roles during the course of his long career, Uncle Leo became his own force of nature in Seinfeld. In the lead-up to the titular event in the 1994 episode "The Dinner Party," Jerry and Elaine head to the stellar Royal Bakery to purchase a chocolate babka, but are unable to because they don't follow procedure and take a number, enabling someone else to buy the last one. A box of letters from John Cheever is all that remains after Susan's father's cabin burns down. [2][7] "The Jacket" is the only episode in which one of Elaine's parents appears; Louis-Dreyfus once suggested Mary Tyler Moore to portray Elaine's mother, but the character never appeared on the show. In "The Secret Code", she mentions an uncle who worked in the Texas School Book Depository with Lee Harvey Oswald. Jerry, being Jerry, wants the loaf for himself to replace the one that Frank stole from Susan's parents, so he attacks Mabel and steals her bread. Susan Gleason, Gleason's wife, told Backstage that her husband had been diagnosed with mesothelioma, a form of lung cancer related to the inhalation of asbestos. Erwin's son, Mike, told the Associated Press (via the Toronto Star) that his father died on December 29, 2010 from factors related to the actor's advanced age. Jerry Stiller passed away in his sleep in May 2020 at the age of 96, having spent the last 60 years of his life making people laugh, from his early appearances on the Ed Sullivan Showto Zoolander. Bruns was a very accomplished actor with over 100 credits to his name, but looking back atSeinfeld, a case can be made he wasn't right forthe part. Morty Seinfeld was recast after season 1 for the same reasonas Frank Costanza the show creators wanted to go a different direction with the character. Why Seinfeld Recast Jerry's Dad After Season 1 (And Frank Later), Why Elaine Benes' Father Was Only On One Seinfeld Episode. Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide stated, "An otherwise mediocre episode, Lawrence Tierney's gruff turn as Elaine's father helps redeem 'The Jacket. "The Jacket" premiered on American television on February 6, 1991, on NBC, it gained a Nielsen rating of 10.4/16 and was praised by critics. Some of the main topics of the show include romantic relationships, the challenges of finding a fulfilling career, and the numerous strange experiences and encounters of adult life. [5][11] Cherones stated that, afterwards, Larry David would jokingly threaten to have Tierney back on the show if Cherones did his work badly. Larry David recalls that he couldn't remember if Randolph was busy at the time of "The Puffy Shirt," or if they just wanted a fresh start with Frank. Frank replies, "You want a piece of me? Later, in "The Apology", Peggy thinks Elaine has germs, and in retaliation Elaine intentionally coughs on Peggy's doorknob, rubs her stapler in her armpit, and rubs her keyboard on her backside. In "The Bizarro Jerry", she dates Kevin, the nice, kind antithesis of Jerry whose friends Gene, Feldman and Vargas are polar opposites of George, Kramer and Newman, respectively, each described as coming from the backwards Bizarro World of Superman comics. Though they're supposed to be enjoying their golden years and relaxing in the sun, none of the other residents got this memo, and certainly not Jack Klompus, Morty Seinfeld's main nemesis. North received two Emmy nominations, for a guest spot in "Marcus Welby, M.D." As it was, Alton Benes made just one appearance on "Seinfeld" during its nine-season run. There's actually precedent for this; Phil Burns played Morty Seinfeld before being replaced by Barney Martin, and John Randolph was Frank Costanza before Jerry Stiller. While Phil Bruns originally played Jerry's dad, Morty Seinfeld, for his first appearance on Seinfeld, it's Barney Martin that Seinfeld fans remember when thinking of the character, since he played him for 19 episodes. Enter Mabel Choate, an elderly woman who simply wants a nice marble rye. Jerry offends Elaine's assistant. The New York Times reported in March 2002 that Tierney died in New York City following a series of strokes and a pneumonia diagnosis. (The answers: Don't be ridiculous, it's complicated, and no, no soup for you). In "The Airport", it is revealed that Gail lives in St. Louis. Played by Elmarie Wendel, Helena is a send-up of Hollywood queen Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard, stealing the show as she descends the stairs with her sometimes inappropriate commentary. In "The Visa" she and Jerry anger Pakistani immigrant Babu Bhatt after she fails to notice Babu's visa application in Jerry's mail that she is picking up for him. Played by Twin Peaks alumniWarren Frost and Grace Zabriskie, Mr. and Mrs. Ross never liked George and made no secret that they thought he was terrible for their daughter. He was 65. The actor who played Poppie, Reni Santoni, was best known for his role as Clint Eastwood's partner in Dirty Harry, andpassed away at 81 in August 2020 after a long illness. 7. [4] David stated in an interview that Richard Yates was "every bit as intimidating as Alton Benes". A box of letters from John Cheever is all that remains after Susan's father's cabin burns down.Jerry offends Elaine's assistant. Filson's Mackinaw Cruiser Will Last a Lifetime. The enmity between Morty and Frank Costanza was epic, and his brief turn working with Elaine at J. Peterman was as weird as it was funny. Frank Costanza became a favoriteamongSeinfeld's recurring cast after being played by Jerry Stiller. She's introduced as a friend of Elaine, and then deeply offends the latter when she doesn't allow her to babysit her obnoxious young son, prompting Elaine to try to prove her responsibility instead of letting Kramer get the assignment. Apart from her villainous turn in "Seinfeld," Louan Gideon is probably best known for her long stint in the daytime soap opera "Search for Tomorrow," and as evil chemical company CEO Danielle Atron on Nickelodeon's "The Secret World of Alex Mack. In May 2006, Gleason died at a hospital in Burbank, California, at age 67. Lloyd Braun suggests this idea to the mayor, who likes it so much that he adds it to his campaign, subsequently leading to his loss in the mayoral elections. In addition to the first episode, Elaine doesn't appear in "The Trip" (Louis-Dreyfus having been in the late stages of pregnancy at the time of filming) and therefore appears in fewer episodes than George and Jerry. She loses her job at the end of Season 5 when the company goes bankrupt and a misunderstanding resulting from her penchant for chewy, speech-impairing Jujyfruit candies thwarts a merger that might have saved the company. Actor Paul Gleason made a niche out of playing smug, retreating, and guarded authority figures, particularly in '80s movies. According to the actor's daughter, she suffered fatal complications following surgery. True to form, Sid badmouths Jerry to his housekeeper. Story highlights. Playing the nosy Helen (immediately after a recurring role as nosy neighbor Raquel Ochmonek on "ALF") was Liz Sheridan, a veteran of multiple '70s Broadway productions and many '80s sitcoms. WhenSeinfeld recast Newman (originally voiced by David) and George's dad, David chose to re-record or reshoot scenes for syndication to keep continuity intact. 1. His favorite games include Marvel's Spider-Man, The Last of Us, God of War, and Hades. Jerry knows snow would ruin his suede jacket and asks Alton if they can take a cab, but Alton replies that the restaurant is only a few blocks away. He was introduced in the season 2 episode "The Jacket," and was played by Lawrence Tierney. According to Jerry Seinfeld's biography (written by Jerry Oppenheimer), Elaine was based in part on Susan McNabb (who was dating Seinfeld when the character was created), though eventually named after friend and fellow comic Elayne Boosler. He also compared Jerry to his tail-gunner friend from Korea. In one of the most notorious "Seinfeld" moments, she sees George fish an eclair out of a garbage can and eat it. However, this was an instance of art imitating life, as theSeinfeld cast was legitimately scared of Tierney. That episode, titled "The Jacket", had Jerry Seinfeld buying an expensive suede jacket and having dinner with the father of his ex-girlfriend Elaine. Season 4, Episode 7 - The Bubble Boy | IMDb rating: 8.9 - Air date: Oct. 7, 1992. Kramer makes a contact for Cuban cigars. The date takes a disastrous turn when Jerry sees that Poppie doesn't wash his hands after using the toilet, causing Jerry to refuse to eat the hand-tossed pizza Poppie made especially for them and insulting both father and daughter in the process.
Laguna Hospitality Group, Jared Cunningham Family, A Ha Sak Crows, Vinegar Smelling Discharge Early Pregnancy, Pfs Investments Pyramid Scheme, Articles W